Early Maturing, Winter-hardy, Lodging-resistant, and High-yielding Forage Triticale Cultivar, ‘Shinjoseong’

Research Article
Article Information

  • Title: 한해와 도복에 강한 조생 사료용 트리티케일 ‘신조성’
  • Authors: 구자환, 라경윤, 김근하, 박명렬, 김정주, 김수정, 이병규, 박종호, 한옥규
  • Published: December 2024
  • Journal: Korean Journal of Breeding Science
    • Volume: 56
    • Issue: 4
    • Pages: 523-532
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2024.56.4.523

Research Background


A. Research Context


  • Recently, the Korean government has been encouraging the cultivation of winter feed crops to adjust rice production and expand a stable roughage supply, and is providing subsidies for the cultivation of rice crops (MAFRA 2024).
  • The National Institute of Food Sciences (NICS) supports this policy through the development of varieties of pulse feed crops, including triticale.
  • Triticale is a wheat (Triticum spp.)and rye (Secale cereale), which is used not only for grain production but also for various roughage such as silage and hay (Bilgili et al. 2009).

B. Knowledge Gap


  • Existing domestic triticale varieties (e.g., 'Shinyoung', 'Josung') focused on precocious ripeness and plurality, but winterization (cold resistance) and improvement in seed fruit quantity were insufficient.
  • In particular, the lack of cold-resistant varieties and fall-resistant varieties that can be grown in cold climates in the central and northern regions was a problem.

C. Research Objectives


  • This study aims to develop a new triticale variety 'Shinjoseong' with early maturing, winter-hardy, lodging-resistant, and high-yielding characteristics.

D. Significance


  • 'Shinjoseong' can be stably cultivated in the central and northern regions, and the number of buildings (5% increase) and seed quantity (13% increase) are improved compared to the existing variety, increasing the efficiency of roughage and seed production.
  • The feed quality (crude protein, ADF, and NDF content) is also excellent, which is expected to contribute to meeting the needs of livestock farmers.

E. Additional Context


  • Triticale has excellent disease resistance due to rye genes (AAFRD 2005), but it was necessary to develop varieties optimized for the domestic environment.
  • 'Shinjojo' was developed through a long-term lineage breeding process from 2003 to 2019 through the hybridization of model (CTSS93Y000585-5Y-0Y-0B) and subscript ('Suwon No. 24').

Materials and Methods


A. Artificial Breeding and System Development


  • Breeding Combinations:
    • Model: Rough, intoxicating, baYMV-resistant CIMMYT-derived strain CTSS93Y000585-5Y-0Y-0B.
    • Copy: Domestic system with excellent cold resistance and corrosion resistance 'Suwon No. 24'.
  • Breeding Period: May~June 2003 (National Institute of Food Science, Wanju).
  • Upbringing:
    • 2004–2005: Generation F₁ and F₂ fostered.
    • 2006–2014: Early, cold-tolerant, plural strain 'STO3032-B-47-9-5-5-7-9-3-2-4' selected from the F₃–F₁₁ generation.
    • 2015–2016: Named 'Suwon No. 63' as an excellent system after the production capacity test was conducted.

B. Cultivation Methods and Trial Design


Regional Adaptation Test:
  • Time Frame: 2017–2019 (3 years).
  • Region: Suwon, Cheongju, Yesan, Jeju (field cultivation) / Jeonju, Gangjin, Jinju, Daegu (rice paddy cultivation).
  • Sowing season:
    • Central and northern (Suwon, Cheongju, etc.): Mid-October.
    • Southern (Jinju, Gangjin): Late October.
    • Jeju: Early November.
  • Sowing method:
    • Field cultivation: 25–40 cm × 4–6 m (six-row trijoba).
    • Cultivation: 150 cm × 6 m (Hulim Mine).
    • Test design: 3 iterations of the egg ingot, comparison with the standard variety 'Shinyoung'.

C. Productivity and Quality Assessment


  • Quantitative Survey:
    • Building quantity: Dried raw herbs at 70±2°C for 72 hours, then converted per ha.
    • Seed quantity: Measured based on sowing volume of 140 kg/ha in the water source area.
  • Feed quality analysis:
    • Crude protein: Total nitrogen content measured by nitrogen analyzer (TruMac) and multiplied by 6.25.
    • ADF/NDF: van Soest 세제법 분석.
    • TDN: Formula 88.9 - (0.79 × ADF%) applied.
  • Evaluation of cold resistance:
    • Verb rate: Investigation of survival rate after wintering in Yeoncheon test site (extreme temperature -20°C) by high/low gyrus conditions.
    • Leaf dryness: Evaluation of the growth regenerator in March in Suwon area (0–9 scale).

D. Statistical Analysis


  • Software: R program (ver 3.6.1).
  • Analysis method: Validation of significance with t-test and F-test (p<0.05).

Key Notes on Methodology


  • Rigor of lineage selection: Fixing target traits such as coarseness, cold resistance, and quantity over 11 generations (F₃–F₁₁).
  • Practicality of the experiment: Environmental adaptability is verified through cultivation in 8 regions across the country for 3 years.
  • Standardization of quality assessment: Objectivity is ensured by applying international standards (van Soest method, Flieg score).

Results & Discussions


1. Growth characteristics


  • Harvest season: The national average is April 22, which is 3 days earlier than the control variety 'Shinyoung' (April 25).
    • There is a 25-day difference between Jeju (April 6, the earliest) vs. the budget (May 1, the latest).
  • Plant Form:
    • Leaves: Green, 17.4 cm long (short) and 12.5 cm wide (narrow) compared to 'Shinyoung'.
    • A spikelet: light yellow, 10.6cm in length (short), black 4.1cm in length (seaweed).

2. Cold resistance and disaster resistance


  • Cold Resistance:
    • In the Yeoncheon test site (extreme temperature -20°C), the verb death rate in the goyerang condition was 3.3% (better than the 12.7% of 'Shinyoung').
    • Leaf dryness level 2 (similar to 'Shinyoung').
  • Resistance to Protection: 1st grade (strong, improved from 'Shinyoung' 3rd grade).
  • Blight resistance: Grade 1 (excellent resistance) in powdery mildew, leaf rust, etc.

3. Productivity


  • Building quantity: National average of 17.18 t/ha (up 5% from 16.42 t/ha in 'Shinyoung').
    • The highest water supply by region: Jeju 24.99 t/ha.
  • Seed quantity: 7.36 t/ha (13% increase compared to 6.52 t/ha for 'Shinyoung').
    • Although the number of grains per ear is low (52 vs 56 for 'Shinyoung'), the number of ears per unit area (839/m²) and the number of grains per grain (34.3 g) are increasing.

4. Feed quality


  • Crude protein: 6.5% (a slight increase from 6.2% for 'Shinyoung').
  • Fiber Content:
    • ADF 34.9% and NDF 58.8% (up 2.1% and 0.5%, respectively, compared to 'Shinyoung').
    • TDN 61.3% (slightly lower than 63.0% for 'Shinyoung').
  • Silage Grade: Grade 2 (based on Flieg score, same as 'Shin Young').

5. Discussion Points


  • The importance of improving cold resistance
    • The low-temperature resistance of the 'new composition' is key to expanding cultivation in the central and northern regions. In particular, the reduction of verb death rate (3.3% vs 12.7%) in the goyerang condition has great practical value.
    • The results of overcoming the limitations of the cold resistance of domestic triticale raised in a previous study (Park et al. 2003).
  • Trade-offs between quantity and quality
    • Increased building quantity (5%) and improved seed quantity (13%) are evidence of achieving breeding goals.
    • However, a decrease in TDN content (61.3% vs 63.0%) is associated with an increase in ADF, but does not affect silage grades → is highly likely for field application.
  • Regional adaptability of the breed
    • The difference in the release season between Jeju (warm) and Yesan (cold cold) (25 days) suggests a wide range of cultivation adaptability.
    • However, in the southern regions (Jinju, Gangjin), the variability in building quantities (14.50–17.07 t/ha) suggests the need to optimize cultivation management.
  • Success factors of breeding strategies
    • The key is the combination of the early gene of the model (CTSS93Y000585-5Y-0Y-0B) + the cold-resistant gene of the counterpart ('Suwon No. 24').
    • Selection of 11 generations (2006–2014) contributed to trait stabilization.

Conclusion


  1. 'Shinjoseong' has early resistance, cold resistance, and corrosion resistance, and shows excellent performance compared to existing varieties in terms of building and seed quantity.
  2. Nationwide cultivation adaptability and stable feed quality (grade 2 silage) can meet the needs of livestock farmers.
  3. In the central and northern regions, cultivation management is essential to prevent timely sowing and theft.

Final Statement


'Shinjoseong' is a versatile triticale variety that can increase the efficiency of domestic winter roughage production, and is expected to contribute to crop diversification in response to climate change.